Carnivores (Carnivora)

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Coyote (Canis latrans)

Citation:

Behavioral ecology of coyotes on the National Elk Refuge, Jackson, Wyoming

Author(s)
Camenzind, Franz J.
Pages
267-296
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Population Density 0.77 #/km2 Not Reported Pup Not Reported National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets 0.33 SD
Population Density 1.37 post-whelping population density #/km2 Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density peak density #/km2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Physical development in coyotes (Canis latrans), with a comparison to other canids

Author(s)
Bekoff, Marc and Robert Jamieson
Pages
685-692
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 30 d Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Food and population characteristics of Iowa coyotes

Author(s)
Mathwig, Herbert J.
Pages
167-189
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition rabbits (70.6%); livestock (14.0%); mice (10.5%); birds (4.2%) % volume of principal foods in stomachs, body weight range 14.5 - 37.0 lbs % Both Male and Female Not Reported 151 Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition plant foods (29.2%); rabbits (27.6%); mice and rats (24.6%); livestock (7.4%) % volume of principal foods in scats % Both Male and Female Not Reported 147 Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 6 maximum age in field yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 1 greatest density #/1.4 mi2 Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Canis latrans

Author(s)
Bekoff, Marc
Pages
1-9
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity review Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Foods of adult Maine coyotes and their known-aged pups

Author(s)
Harrison, Daniel J. and Joyce A. Harrison
Pages
922-926
Year
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition blueberries (68%); white-tailed deer (43%); snowshoe hare (30%); small mammals (21%); birds (2%) % occurrence of food items in scats % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 452 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote foods in a southern California suburb

Author(s)
MacCracken, James G.
Pages
280-281
Year
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mammals (28.9%; cottontail rabbit, 12.1%, Botta's pocket gopher, 6.8%); birds (15.9%); vegetation (21.7%); misc. (16.7%) % frequency of occurrence of items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 97 scats El Cajon, near San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote diets associated with seasonal mule deer activities in California

Author(s)
Smith, James R.
Pages
78-82
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition mule deer (7%); small mammals (67%); reptiles (11%); insects (8%); fruits (5%); other (21%) % frequency of food items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 60 Sierra National Forest (elev. 300 -3900 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno
Dietary Composition mule deer (3%); small mammals (30%); birds (6%); reptiles (6%); insects (8%); fruits (64%); other (4%) % frequency of food items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 216 Sierra National Forest (elev. 300 -3900 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno
Dietary Composition mule deer (3%); small mammals (18%); birds (2%); reptiles (2%); insects (2%); fruits (82%); other (1%) % frequency of food items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 199 Sierra National Forest (elev. 300 -3900 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno
Citation:

Body size and condition of coyotes in southern Texas

Author(s)
Windberg, Lamar A., Richard M. Engeman and Jeffrey F. Bromaghin
Pages
47 - 52
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean range of means for two adult age groups kg Male Adult 69 - 76 Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets >2.5 - >3.0 yrs
Body Weight - Mean range of means for two adult age groups; excluding those in latter half of gestation kg Female Adult 43-66 Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets >2.5 - >3.0 yrs
Citation:

Densities of coyotes at the interface of Saguaro National Monument and Tucson, Arizona

Author(s)
McClure, Mark F., Norman S. Smith and William W. Shaw
Pages
83-86
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range over 6 counting periods #/km2 Both Male and Female Not Reported 28-40/period Saguaro National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology of coyotes in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Berg, William E. and Robert A. Chesness
Pages
229-247
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 16 km2 Female Adult 25 Aitkin and Itasca counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range prior to dispersal km2 Both Male and Female Juvenile 50 Aitkin and Itasca counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range and habitat use of coyotes in a farm region of Vermont

Author(s)
Person, David K. and David H. Hirth
Pages
433-441
Year
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 18.7 km2 Male Adult 7 Champlain Valley Exposure Factor Datasets 4.6 SE
Home Range 17.1 km2 Female Adult 4 Champlain Valley Exposure Factor Datasets 3.2 SE
Citation:

Home range, activity and daily movements of coyotes

Author(s)
Andelt, William F. and Philip S. Gipson
Pages
944-951
Year
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 28.2 composite home range estimated by minimum area method km2 Male Adult 5 Lancaster and Cass Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 16.6 SD
Home Range 24.2 composite home range estimated by minimum area method km2 Female Adult 4 Lancaster and Cass Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 20.7 SD
Citation:

Coyote movements in Sagehen Creek basin, northeastern California

Author(s)
Hawthorne, Vernon M.
Pages
154-161
Year
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 24.25 lbs Male Adult 28 Sagehen Creek Field Station, Truckee (elev., 5000-6300 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 21.5 lbs Female Adult 26 Sagehen Creek Field Station, Truckee (elev., 5000-6300 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote foods in southwestern Colorado

Author(s)
MacCracken, James G.
Pages
317-318
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Mammals: Sylvilagus sp. (50.6 - 73.1%); Lepus sp. (0 - 5.0%); Neotoma (0 - 5.5%); Microtus (0-11.1%); Cricetid mice (1.2-8.9%); Bos taurus (1.9 - 7.9%); Odocoileus hemionus (3.6 - 15.5%) range of % relative dry weight of major food items (>5%) measured at 3 sites, based on scat analysis % Not Reported Not Reported 42 - 48/ site Montezuma, La Plata and Saguache Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age distribution and weights of coyotes in northwestern Texas

Author(s)
Meinzer, Wyman P. and Fred S. Guthery
Pages
275-278
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 7.9 (0.5yr); 9.8 (1.5 yr); 11.0 (2.5 yr); 11.5(3.5 yr); 10.8 (4.5 yr); 11.6 (5.5 yr); 10.4 (6.5 yr); 10.9 (>7.5 yr) average body weights at various ages kg Female Both Adults and Juveniles 3 - 121/age King and Knox counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 - >7.5 yr
Body Weight - Mean 8.2 (0.5yr); 10.4 (1.5 yr); 12.8 (2.5 yr); 13.2 (3.5 yr); 13.7 (4.5 yr); 12.5 (5.5 yr); 12.1 (6.5 yr); 12.6 (>7.5 yr) average body weights at various ages kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles 8 - 76/age King and Knox counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 - >7.5 yr
Citation:

Foods of coyotes (Canis latrans) in Oklahoma

Author(s)
Best, Troy L., Barbara Hoditschek and Howard H. Thomas
Pages
67-69
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition grasses (81.6%); persimmon (3.7%); unidentified seeds (5.2%); other plant material (44.9%); grasshoppers (11.8%); beetles (12.5%); chicken (2.2%); other birds (3.7%); cottontail (13.9%); pocket gopher (5.9%); cotton rat (14.7%); wood rat (2.2%); pine vole (2.2%); coyote (28.7%); cattle (33.8%) % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 136 Cleveland, Grady and McClain Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity of the coyote

Author(s)
Manville, Richard H.
Pages
390
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Longevity 15 maximum lifespan yrs Male Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Winter diets of coyotes in relation to prey abundance in southern Texas

Author(s)
Windberg, Lamar A. and Carl D. Mitchell
Pages
439-447
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition lagomorphs (27 - 54%); woodrat (5-21%); cotton rat (0-40%); small rodents (4-12%); deer (4-19%); other prey (8 - 22%) range of percent distribution of prey items over 8 yrs % Not Reported Not Reported 2335 scats Webb County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote morphometric characteristics and mass dynamics in the San Joaquin Valley, California

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L.
Pages
360-365
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 10.4 kg Male Pup 28 Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) Exposure Factor Datasets <1yr Kern 0.2 SE
Citation:

Relationships among coyote food habits, prey populations, and habitat use

Author(s)
Reichel, James D.
Pages
133-137
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition voles (79.4%); deer mice (4.7%); other rodents (7.9%); deer (9.8%); pronghorn (1.6%); other ungulates (5.4%); lagomorphs (1.6%); other mammals (1.9%); birds and eggs (6.6%); seeds and fruit (1.0%); insects (2.2%); unknown (3.8%) % frequency of occurrence of items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 315 National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits of coyotes in Arkansas

Author(s)
Gipson, Philip S.
Pages
848-853
Year
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition poultry (34%); persimmons (23%); insects (11%); rodents (9%); songbirds (8%); cattle (7%); rabbits (7%); deer (5%); woodchucks (4%); goats (4%); watermelons (4%) % occurrence of 11 most common items in stomach contents % Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 168 Ozarks, Ouachitas, Coastal Plain and Delta Exposure Factor Datasets

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)

Citation:

Size and spatial organization of home ranges of kit foxes in Arizona

Author(s)
Zoellick, Bruce W. and Norman S. Smith
Pages
83-88
Year
Issue
1
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 12.3 home range as calculated with the grid-cell method km2 Male Adult 4 foxes 7.5 km NW Tonopah Exposure Factor Datasets 1.0 SE
Citation:

Water economy of two desert canids: Coyote and kit fox

Author(s)
Golightly, Richard T. and Robert D. Ohmart
Pages
51-58
Year
Issue
1
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 115 estimated daily food intake based on a desert kangaroo diet (7.38 kJ/g wet wt) and calculated daily energy requirements (see Golightly, 1981) g/d Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 101 estimated daily food intake based on a desert kangaroo diet (7.38 kJ/g wet wt) and calculated daily energy requirements (see Golightly, 1981) g/d Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata)

Citation:

Growth and behavior of a litter of captive long-tailed weasels

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C.
Pages
412-415
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 86.2 g Female Juvenile 1 captured at Delta, Manitoba, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 5 wks Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 178.6 g Female Adult 1 captured at Delta, Manitoba, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Growth Rate see citation figure of body weight (g) vs estimated age (d) g/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 7 captured at Delta, Manitoba, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 35 - 100 d Laboratory
Age at Sexual Maturity d Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Metabolism of weasels: The cost of being long and thin

Author(s)
Brown, James H. and Robert C. Lasiewski
Pages
939-943
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 153 g Female Adult Not Reported captured in White Pine County, NV Exposure Factor Datasets 3 SD Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 1.36 standard metabolic rate at 32C, determined from oxygen consumption kcal/hr Male Adult 4 captured in White Pine County, NV Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2 Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.84 standard metabolic rate at 32C, determined from oxygen consumption kcal/hr Female Adult 4 captured in White Pine County, NV Exposure Factor Datasets 0.12 SD Laboratory
Surface Area SA = 6.04W^0.73 equation relating surface area (SA, cm2) to body weight (W, g), estimated from skin area cm2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported captured in White Pine County, NV Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Citation:

Care, management, and biology of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Wade-Smith Julia and Milo E. Richmond
Pages
575-584
Year
Issue
5
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.38 pups/litter Female Adult 48 females Exposure Factor Datasets 2.38 SD Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size 3.83 pups/litter Female Juvenile 29 females Exposure Factor Datasets 1.97 SD Laboratory
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 8 weeks Both Male and Female Pup 2-12 litters Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Reproduction in captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Wade-Smith, Julia and Milo E. Richmond
Pages
452-455
Year
Issue
2
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 61.5 second estrus d Both Male and Female Embryo 4 females Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Time of Mating/ Laying second half of May second estrus Both Male and Female Adult 4 females Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Time of Hatching or Parturition second half of July second estrus Both Male and Female 4 females Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Dispersal and home range of striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, in an area of population reduction in southern Alberta

Author(s)
Rosatte, Richard C. and John R. Gunson
Pages
315-319
Year
Issue
3
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Home Range 2.7 km2 Both Male and Female Juvenile 8 animals Alberta 49 deg. N, 112 deg. 45' W Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Mephitis mephitis

Author(s)
Wade-Smith, Julia and B.J. Verts
Pages
1-7
Year
Volume
173
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition review Both Male and Female Neonate Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecological aspects of winter dormancy in the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Mutch, Graham G. R. and Aleksiuk, Michael
Pages
607-615
Year
Issue
3
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Metabolic Rate 142 calculated basal metabolic rate kcal/d Male Adult 5 Delta Marsh Mannitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 5 SE
Citation:

Allometrische Untersuchungen an Organgewichten von Musteliden

Author(s)
Drescher, H. E.
Pages
35-77
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean 4654 without fur g Male Not Reported 1 male Manitoba; Ontario Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean 3063 without fur g Female Not Reported 2 females Manitoba; Ontario Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Citation:

Movements, home range, and territories of male sea otters off central California

Author(s)
Jameson, Ronald J.
Pages
159-172
Year
Issue
2
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 78.0 ha Male Adult 5 Central coast Exposure Factor Datasets 7.2 SE
Citation:

Energy, nitrogen, and electrolyte flux and sea water drinking in the sea otter Enhydra lutris

Author(s)
Costa, Daniel P.
Pages
35-44
Year
Issue
1
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 234 Daily total energy consumption Kcal/kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 19 SE Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 168 Net metabolizable energy Kcal/kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey

Author(s)
Doroff, Angela M. and James L. Bodkin
Pages
193-208
Publisher
Academic Press, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition clams (34-61%), mussels (7-20%), crabs (2-11%), other invertebrates (4-5%), unknown prey (12-33%) relative occurences of prey items in diet, based on observation (range crosses three locations) Not Reported Adult 752-833 foraging dives/site Prince William Sound Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Author(s)
Kenyon, Karl W.
Pages
1-352
Year
Issue
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 4.04 kg/d Female Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Dietary Composition vertebrates (fish; 50%), mollusks (37%), echinoderms (11%), annelid worms (1%), tunicates (<1%), crabs/shrimp (<1%) mean percent of total stomach content volume contributed by dietary items Not Reported Not Reported 309 stomachs Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 4 yr Female Juvenile Not Reported Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) activities within the vicinity of the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant, 1973-1978

Author(s)
Benech, S.V.
Pages
33-44
Year
Volume
1979
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 50 resident population density (see citation for map of study area) animals per study area Both Male and Female Not Reported 15-170 Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant; Point San Luis to Point Buchon Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 150 population density for resident and non-resident animals (see citation for map of study area) animals per study area Both Male and Female Not Reported 15-170 Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant; Point San Luis to Point Buchon Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction, survival and tag loss in California sea otters

Author(s)
Siniff, Donald B., and Katherine Ralls
Pages
211-229
Year
Issue
3
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Clutches or Litters per year 0.9 annual reproductive rate based on number of pups born during monitoring period pups/year Female Adult 13 animals Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Survival/ Mortality 0.58 pup survival rate to weaning Not Reported Juvenile 19 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range and territoriality of sea otters near Monterey, California

Author(s)
Loughlin, T.R.
Year
Issue
3
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 54 population density, 1975 - 1977 Animals per study area Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 54 Monterey, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey

California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Citation:

Effects of the 1982-1983 El Nino on several population parameters and diet of California sea lions on the Califonia channel islands

Author(s)
DeLong, R. L., G.A. Antonelis, C.W. Oliver, B.S. Stewart, M.S. Lowry and P.K. Yochem
Pages
166-172
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean range of mean weights taken over 5 yrs at 2 sites kg Male Pup 51 - 136/yr San Miguel and San Clemente Islands Exposure Factor Datasets 4 mo
Citation:

Milk and energy intakes of suckling California Sea Lions (Z. californicus) pups in relation to sex, growth and predicted maintenance requirements

Author(s)
Oftedal, Olav T., Sara J. Iverson and Daryl J. Boness
Pages
560-575
Year
Issue
5
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Fat (total or %) 19.3 % Female Pup 1 San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 3 mo
Water Ingestion Rate 651 total daily water intake derived from sum of milk water intake and metabolic water production g/d Male Pup 24 San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 2 mo 27.9 SE
Food Ingestion Rate daily energy intake estimated from milk intake; range of means for 2 yrs kcal/d Male Pup 5-9/yr San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 1 mo
Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus); I. Early postnatal growth

Author(s)
Boness, D. J., O. T. Oftedal,and K. A. Ono
Pages
173-179
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Growth Rate 0.125 post el Nino 1984 kg/d Not Reported Pup 32 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 0-2 months 0.007SE
Growth Rate 0.130 2 years post el nino (1985); 0-2 months kg/d Not Reported Pup 38 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 0-2 months 0.006 SE
Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake

Author(s)
Iverson, S. J., O.T. Oftedal and D.J. Boness
Pages
180-184
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 9.12 kg Female Pup 4 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 30 d 0.128 SE
Growth Rate 107.5 daily weight gain during 1st mo of life g/d Male Pup 4 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 5-30 d 5.74 SE
Growth Rate 95.0 daily weight gain during 1st mo of life g/d Female Pup 4 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 5-30 d 11.75 SE
Citation:

Breeding biology of the California Sea lion, Zalophus californianus

Author(s)
Odell, D. K.
Pages
374-378
Year
Volume
169
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - Aug. breeding season; pupping and mating Female Adult Not Reported San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size 130 territory size during breeding m2 Male Adult 20 territories San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mortality of California sea lion pups at Los Islotes, Baja California, Mexico

Author(s)
Aurioles, David and Francisco Sinsel
Pages
180-183
Year
Issue
1
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Survival/ Mortality 51.6 mean annual minimum survival rate; data collection started 5-6 weeks after beginning of pupping season % Not Reported Pup 3 yrs Los Islotes, Baja California Sur Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO 7.7 SD
Citation:

Air temperature and direct partitional calorimetry of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)

Author(s)
South, F.E., R. H. Luecke, M. L. Zatzman and M. D. Shanklin
Pages
27-30
Year
Issue
1
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean kg Female Juvenile 2 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Population abundance, pup mortality, and copulation frequency in the California sea lion in relation to the 1983 El Nino on San Nicolas Island

Author(s)
Francis, J. M. and C. B. Heath
Pages
271-288
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year range of fecundity over 4 yrs; peak pup/peak female counts pups/female/yr Female Adult 4360-6952 pups San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets

Desert Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. arsipus)

Citation:

Ecology of the desert kit fox, Vulpes macrotis arsipus, in the Mojave Desert of southern California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, Thomas P. and Larry Gilbertson
Pages
1-15
Year
Issue
1
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 200 denning range (area enclosing occupied den sites) ha Both Male and Female Adult 16 foxes Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Time of Mating/ Laying January based on reproductive condition of adults at time of capture Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Longevity 10.2 measured from time of capture to time of last capture or radio-telemetry location mo Both Male and Female Adult 6 foxes Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets Kern 0.8 SE

San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica)

Citation:

Life history of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Morrell, Stephen
Pages
162-174
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range approximate range of individual foxes mi2 Both Male and Female Adult 12 foxes Buena Vista Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly averages (Jan.-Dec.) lbs Male Adult 1-4 foxes/month Buena Vista Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly averages (Jan.-Dec.) lbs Female Adult 1-5 foxes/month Buena Vista Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Conservation of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on the Naval Petroleum Reserves, California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, T.P.
Pages
207-208
Year
Volume
172
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition early February Female Adult Not Reported Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Clutch or Litter Size 4.1 mean litter size pups Female Adult Not Reported Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Competetive interactions between coyotes and San Joaquin kit foxes

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L. and Kenneth A. Spencer
Pages
204-214
Year
Issue
1
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Survival/ Mortality 79.8 mean annual mortality rate over 13 years % Not Reported Juvenile 177 foxes Naval Petroleum Reserves in California Exposure Factor Datasets Kern 4.5 SE
Citation:

Patterns of den use by San Joaquin kit foxes

Author(s)
Koopman, Marni E., Jerry H. Scrivner and Thomas T. Kato
Pages
373-379
Year
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 4.3 average home range km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Naval Petroleum Reserves in California, Bakersfield Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Reproduction and spacing patterns of kit foxes relative to changing prey availability

Author(s)
White, Patrick J. and Katherine Ralls
Pages
861-867
Year
Issue
4
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density minimum densities of foxes in study area over three years fox /4.1 km2 - 1 fox / 6.5 km2 Both Male and Female Adult 15-22 foxes/year Carrizo Plain Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets San Luis Obispo
Citation:

Factors regulating kit fox populations

Author(s)
White, P.J. and Robert A. Garrott
Pages
1982-1988
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density review #/km2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis)

Citation:

Preliminary studies of the kit fox in Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
351-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
37
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 3.6 pairs/square mile Both Male and Female Adult 9 individuals Tooele County, west. UT, elev. 4300-4800 ft Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
481-497
Year
Issue
3
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 4.55 mean body weight lbs Male Adult 10 Tooele County, west. UT Exposure Factor Datasets

Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris ssp. nereis)

Citation:

Abundance, distribution, and behavior of the southern sea otter (Enydra lutris nereis) in a California estuary

Author(s)
Feinholz, Daniela M.
Pages
105-116
Year
Volume
24.2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of densities for entire study area for 2 yrs #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Elkhorn Slough Exposure Factor Datasets
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